WBCHSE Computer class11th CHAPTER-1 EVOLUTION OF COMPTERS AND COMPUTER HARDWARE GENERATIONS full solved

Chapter-1

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER HARDWARE GENERATIONS.....

Short answer type questions (SAQ);

1) Which part was used in the third generation computers?

Ans) integrated circuit was used in the third generation computers.

2) what do you mean by EDVAC?

Ans) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers.Unlike it's predecessor like ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was designed to be a stored-program computer. (EDVAC is an example of first generation computers).

3) which parts were used in the fifth generation computers?

Ans) Robotics technology were used in the fifth generation computers.

4) what do you mean by Artificial Intelligence?

Ans) Artificial Intelligence refers to a series of related technologies that tries to stimulate and produce human behaviour, including thinking, speaking and reasoning.

5) who invented pascaline?

Ans) Blaise Pascel invented pascaline.

6) what do you mean by parallel processing?

Ans) parallel processing accesses several instructions at once and was on them at the same time through use of multiple processing unit.

7) what do you mean by ABACUS?

Ans) ABACUS invented around 500 BC, was an important counting machine in ancient Babylon China and throughout Europe where it was used until the late middle ages.

8) who invented napier's bone?

Ans) John Napier invented napier's bone.

9) what is Mark 1?

Ans) in 1944 scientist Howard A.Aiken, with the help of IBM corporation for the first time developed completely automated electric computer or electronic mechanical computer (Mark-1).

10) what is ENIAC? 

Ans) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was the first developed Electronic Digital Computer.

11) who invented EDSAC? 

Ans) In 1949, Maurice Wilkes of Cambridge University developed EDSAC. 

12) who is the father of modern computer?

Ans) Charles Babbage is the father of modern computer.

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Descriptive type Questions ;

1) what are the advantages of transistors over vacuum tube?

Ans) transistors were usually of lower cost and smaller than tubes, especially in small signal circuit. A transistor is made of semiconductor material like germanium and silicon. It usually had three heads and performed electrical functions such as voltage, current or power amplification with low power requirements. Lower power consumption, less waste heat, and high efficiency then equivalent tubes, especially in small signal circuits. Transistors could also switch from zero to one state in few microseconds, about a 10th of the time needed by the tubes. The transistors was far superior to the vacuum tube allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy efficient and more reliable than first generation computers. 

2) Discuss the various computer generations along with the key characteristics of the computers of each generation.

Ans) First generation (1940-1956) : vaccum tubes - The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

For example: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).

Second generation (1956-1963) : Transistors - Second generation computers used transistors, which were superior to vacuum tubes. A transistor is made of semiconductor material like germanium and silicon. 

For example: PDB-8, IBM1401 and IBM7090.

Third generation (1964-Early 1970s) : Integrated circuits - the development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.

Fourth generation (Early 1970s- Till Date) : Microprocessors - the fourth generation is an extension of 3rd generation technology although the technology of this generation was still based on the integrated circuit.

For example: Apple 2, 

Fifth generation (present and beyond): Artificial Intelligence: the dream of creating a human like computer that would be capable of reasoning and reaching a decision through a series of "what if then" analysis has existed since the beginning of Computer technology. such a computer would learn from its mistakes and possess the skill of experts. These are the objectives for creating the fifth generation of computers. 

artificial intelligence, megachips and parallel processing are the characteristics of the fifth generation computers.

3) write short note on : 

a) Abacus 

b) The Babbage Machine

c) Von Neumann concept

d) VLSI

e) ULSI

f) EDSAC

Ans) a. Abacus -  For thousand of years, mathematician, scientist and businessmen have searched for computing machines that could perform calculations and analyse data quickly and efficiently. One such device was abacus which was invented around 500 B.C

b. The Babbage Machine - In 1822 an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage developed one machine known as difference engine. This machine was capable to do different types of mathematical and statistical calculations.

c. Von Neumann concept - The term Von Neumann architecture, also known as Von Neumann model, derived from a 1945 Computer architecture proposal by the mathematician and computer scientist John Von Neumann.

d. VLSI - LSI was followed by very large scale integration (VLSI), which used hundreds of thousands of transistors, andbeyond and are still being developed. It was for the first that a CPU was fabricated on a single integrated circuit, to create a microprocessor.

   e. ULSI - Microprocessor chips produced in 1994 contained more than 3 million transistors. ULSI refers to "Ultra-Large Scale Integration" and correspond to more than 1 million of transistors.  

f. EDSAC - In 1949, Maurice Wilkes of Cambridge university, England on the basis of stored program concept of John Von Neumann developed one computer in the name of Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) which was considered as the world's first stored program computer. 

4) Who invented the concept of stored program? Why is this concept so important? 

Ans) John Von Neumann is invented the concept of stored program. 

        stored program concept, that is, storage of instructions in Computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently. The idea was introduced in the late 1940s by John Von Neumann, who proposed that a program can be electronically stored in binary number format in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by the computer as determined by intermediate computational results. 

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